Financial managment Essay Example for Free

Financial managment Essay Education  in Pakistan KoolFree. Education  is only the weapon by which one can fight and conquer the battle of life. Theeducation  has been a very essential part of the different civilization of the   5. Education  problem in Pakistan  Essay  | Study Aim www. studyaim. com/2014/01/15/education-problem-in-pakistan-essay/? Jan 15, 2014   Education  problem in Pakistan  Essay. Here we discuss about the problem  education  system in pakistan so all viewers read  essay  with. Essay on Education  in Pakistan | Pacans Online – A Free   ww. pacansonline. com/content/essay-on-education-in-pakistan/? Jul 19, 2013   Education  is a fundamental human right. Pakistan is among those developing countries where people are mostly deprived of good quality   7. Why Is  Education  so Important  Essay   Ask. com www. ask. com †ºÃ‚  QA  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚  Society  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚  Other? Writing an  essay  on the importance of  education  for all is a great topic. Include statistics about drop out rates and the unemployment problem. Essay on education  system in Pakistan | Pacans – IELTS Lahore www. pacans. om/ essays essays/essay-on-education-system-in-pakista? Dec 5, 2013   Essay on education  system in Pakistan. The education system in Pakistan is not very good. It needs a lot of financial resources to establish so   9. Education  system in Pakistan –  Essay   Notes of life www. aamirilyas. com/education-system-in-pakistan-essay/? by Aamir Ilyas  Ã‚  in 52 Google+ circles Aug 24, 2012   An  essay on education  system in Pakistan, levels and types of education and educational institutions. English medium, run by education   10. Education essay   College  Essays   Tmjohnson04 StudyMode. com www. studymode. com †ºÃ‚  Home  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚  Education? Rating: 4. 5 ? 2 votes Tabitha Johnson Professor Penner English 1551. February 21, 2011. Education EssayEveryone would agree that  education  is a fundamental way of life. Searches related to  essay on education essay on  importance of  education short  essay on education essay on education  is the key to success what is  education importance of  education essay on education  system quotes  on education essay on  terrorism.

Phytoliths and Archaeology; An Amazing Field That Never Gained Populari

Phytoliths are a durable floral microfossil formed by silica absorbed by a plant during its life. Although the usefulness of phytoliths in archaeology has been known for nearly a century, the field (independently) has not attained much popularity. Despite the fact that the yields of evidence and information from phytoliths are truly amazing, the field itself is at times more tedious than dendrochronology, causing a delay in the development of the use of phytoliths, as well as the lack of recognition. Phytoliths have been proven to be useful in a number of studies, ranging from paleo-environments, ancient agriculture, ancient technology, even the diet of particular cultures and their livestock. The largest problem with phytoliths tends to be the inability to identify certain phytoliths or the need to correlate the phytoliths with a different chronologies or reference collections. With all of the uses phytoliths have, these problems seem to be recurrent. However, in order to understan d the use of phytoliths, one must first come to a better understanding of what they are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Numerous sources have different terms for phytoliths, and even go so far as to separate phytoliths into two groups (Schiffer 1983: 227). This is not the case in this paper. The term phytolith will refer to a general definition that is broad and encompasses both of these groups; a phytolith is an opal or silica plant cell (Rapp and Hill 1998: 93). No source is completely sure of the biological purpose of the silica in the plant cells. Phytoliths occur from silica in ground water being absorbed through plants roots and integrated into the living plant (Hertz and Garrison 1998: 55). This silica fills the spaces in the cell and hardens. These cells can endure long after the life of the plant, even through decay and burning (Renfrew and Bahn 2004: 249). However, phytoliths are susceptible to highly alkaline soils, erosion, corrosion, mechanical wear (ploughs) and water damage (Schiffer 1983: 234). The general cell morphology, as well as density and cell wall thickness can affect the durability of phytoliths (Schiffer 1983: 235). Phytoliths first were realized for their usefulness in 1908 by Schellenberg, who noticed phytoliths in archaeological soils from North Kurgan (Herz and Garrison 1998: 55), however it was not again recognized until the 1950’s with Helbaek’s and... ..., D.M., and M.K. Trimble. 1984 Identifying Past Agricultural Activity Through Soil Phytolith Analysis: A Case Study from the Hawaiian Islands. The Journal of Archaeological Science 11 (2): 119-131. Piperno, Dolores R. 1985 Phytolith Taphonomy and Distributions in Archaeological Sediments from Panama. The Journal of Archaeological Science 12 (4): 250-264. Piperno, Dolores R., and Deborah M. Pearsall. 1993 Phytoliths in the Reproductive Structures of Maize and Teosinte: Implications for the Study of Maize Evolution. The Journal of Archaeological Science 20 (3): 337-342. Powers, A.H, J. Padmore, and D.D Gilbertson. 1989 Studies of Late Prehistoric and Modern Opal Phytoliths from Coastal Sand Dunes and Machair in Northwest Britain. The Journal of Archaeological Science 16 (1) : 27-42. Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn. 2004 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice. 4th ed. Thames and Hudson Ltd., London. Rip (Rapp), George Jr., and Christopher L. Hill. 1998 Geoarchaeology: The Earth-Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation. Yale University Press, USA. Schiffer, Michael B. (editor) 1983 Advances in ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHOD AND PRACTICE vol. 6. Academic Press, New York.

Opportunity and Threat of Cadbury

Opportunity First of all , Cadbury should increase in market potential of developing counties. Especially expand into the emerging markets of Nigeria ,China and Russia, based on their growing populations, increasing consumer wealth and increasing demand for confectionery products. So that It would be a potential market for Cadbury. Moreover , based on their strong brand name , Cadbury can try doing different types of businesses like innovatively doing Co-Brand Marketing with other brand industries . Ingredient branding in food industries for example published chocolate milk ,ice cream even chocolate tofu pudding. Also doing complementary branding like published T-shirt and accessories . Besides the market , Cadbury should responds to change in consumer tastes and preferences because consumers are more concern health nowadays , low-fat, organic and natural confectionery demand appears much stronger . So that a healthier snacks with lower calories need to be developed. For example Cadbury should launch some links which led to sugar-free & center filled chewing gum varieties and Cadbury premium indulgence treat. Last but not least , Cadbury can put more effort on reducing costs even increasing efficiency . For instance , Moving production to low cost countries, where raw materials and lab our is cheaper besides India . Because Cadbury ‘s production lines are mostly located in high cost countries like Australia and US . And also reducing internal costs like doing global sourcing , procurement , efficient supply chain and wise investment . Threat First of all , Cadbury will face the intense competition against other branded suppliers even global competitors . According to above statistic , Mars-Wrigley and Nestle are the main competitors especially Mars-Wrigley the strongest market sharing in total confectionery . When they set an aggressive price and promotion activity , it ‘s possible to occur price wars in the market which will induce a main threat for Cadbury. Especially affecting their marketing sharing and profits . For example there would be seasonal sales slumps all year round which will reflect to an increase in cost of raw material needs . Second one is â€Å"Copycat† problem. Especially when Cadbury expand into developing countries like China, based on their unhealthy legal system , it ‘s easy to appear â€Å" Copycat† problem which will totally affect their profits , market sharing and their unique images . For example Tempo Tissues is the mainâ€Å" Copycat† problem sufferer when entering in China market . Many fakes products have approached in the market. Last but not least , due to its confectionary products , It ‘s important for them to be aware of upcoming threats . For example taking notes of the changes in the consumers ‘ buying trends . For example low-fat, organic and natural confectionery demand appears much stronger . So that they should shift from chocolates to healthy snacks , otherwise there may be tarnish the Cadbury ‘s brand name and totally affect their income .

Internship Report Morgan Stanley - 2259 Words

Internship Report Morgan Stanley - Summer 2016 NYU Tandon School of Engineering Course: CP-99X1/ MG-GY 9683 Submitted by: Kunj Karia Table of Contents: I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Core Business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Organizational Hierarchy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Responsibilities of a Summer Analyst†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 A day in the life of a Summer Analyst†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 II.NARRATIVE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 III. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 IV. APPENDIX†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 V. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 INTRODUCTION: Morgan Stanley (NYSE: MS) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in the Morgan Stanley Building, Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Morgan Stanley operates in 43 countries and has more than 1300 offices and 55,000 employees. According to the Scorpio Partnership Global Private Banking Benchmark the company had 1,454 USD Bn of assets under management (AuM) in 2014, an increase of 17.5% on the 2013 figure. The corporation, formed by J.P. Morgan Co. partners Henry S. Morgan (grandson of J.P. Morgan), Harold Stanley and others, came into existence on September 16, 1935, in response to the Glass-Steagall Act that required the splitting of commercial and investment banking businesses. The main areas of business for Morgan Stanley is as follows Wealth Management InvestmentShow MoreRelatedWhat I Want For My Career1256 Words   |  6 Pagesput more thought into what exactly I want out of my career in finance. To start I want to become a full-service broker for a large bank like Merrill Lynch or Morgan Stanley. After spending enough time in the industry gaining experience, contacts, and wisdom I think I’d like to possibly venturing into wealth management. For the sake of this report we will be keying in on becoming a stockbroker. Becoming a stockbroker is not what it used to be. Years ago a well-connected fellow with a good feel forRead MoreMorgan Stanley Essay5384 Words   |  22 PagesEnterprise Services 17 Conclusion 18 References ¬ 19 MORGAN STANLEY: SERVICES MARKETING †Morgan Stanley is a leading global financial services firm providing a wide range of investment banking, securities, investment management and wealth management services. 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Analysis Of Geoffrey Chaucer s The Wife Of Bath

Ta Lor Mr. Kaplan ELA 12 Period 1 27 February 2015 Pilgrim Evaluation Geoffrey Chaucer, the Father of English Literature, was the first to write in English for folks to read. One of his best known works of art would be The Canterbury Tales, which was written between 1380 and 1400 in England, but was never completed due to his death. It was composed in Middle English and portrays a great example of frame narrative. The Canterbury Tales begins with a group of pilgrims traveling from England to Canterbury. While they are navigating, they gather around taking turns to tell their own tales or for some, none at all. While both the Pardoner and Franklin are strong contenders for the Host’s prize of a free dinner, Chaucer clearly intended that â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† would be the strongest since Alisoun’s tale is most reflective of Chaucer’s established criteria with its strong moral messages and sexual humor. The Pardoner’s Tale includes some moral lessons as to mistreating the elderly. According to the teachings in the Bible, one should respect the elders. In â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale†, the roisterers takes on a mission to find Death, but runs across an old man, showing no dignity of respect towards him. They insult him by asking why a man of his age is still alive and not yet dead, â€Å"What? Churl of evil grace, Why are you all wrapped up, except your face? Why do you live so long in so great age?† (Chaucer 256-7). The old man replies back and eventually tells them where he had justShow MoreRelatedThe Wife Of Bath s Prologue1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe Wife of Bath uses bible verses in â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Prologue.† Further, she employs the verses as an outline of her life to find reason in God to justify her actions. Nevertheless, the purpose of the verses differs within each stanza of the poem. The Wife of Bath is a sexually promiscuo us, lustful, and manipulative woman. She marries men one after the other as they get older and die. In order to combat and overthrow the speculation and criticism being thrust upon her by societal norms becauseRead MoreChaucer s The Man Of Law s Tale1269 Words   |  6 PagesChaucer is one of the first authors to use rape in English literature (Schaus). Representations of rape occur with some consistency in several of Chaucer’s works, for example an attempted rape in â€Å"The Man of Law’s Tale† and the rape of a both a mother and daughter in â€Å"The Reeve’s Tale† (Schaus). His usage of rape was possibly inspired by his own speculated distribute with rape. 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The Legacy Of Lance Armstrong - 1456 Words

Lance Armstrong was born September 18, 1971 in Plano, Texas. Armstrong was always athletic, and had quickly discovered that he had a love for triathlons, particularly cycling. According to the website Bio True Story, â€Å"He began running and swimming at ten years old, and took up competitive cycling and triathlons†¦at thirteen. At sixteen, Armstrong became a professional tri-athlete [and] was the national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990,† at the ages of eighteen and nineteen respectfully (Bio. True Story, 2013). Bio True Story goes on to state that 1989 and 1990 were very eventful years for Armstrong. During 1989 â€Å"Armstrong chose to focus on cycling, his strongest event as well as his favorite. This was also the year that,†¦show more content†¦Armstrong subsequently had to have his testicle removed and undergo aggressive chemotherapy. After which doctors found tumors on his brain, at this point the doctors gave Armstrong a forty percent chance of survival. Fortunately, Armstrong underwent surgery to remove his brain tumors†¦ and after more rounds of chemotherapy, Armstrong was declared cancer-free in February 1997† (Bio. True Story, 2013). After Armstrong’s struggle with cancer, and his recovery, Armstrong took two years to retrain in order to return to professional cycling. In 1999, two short years after being declared cancer free, Armstrong participated in the Tour De France, and won. Armstrong would go on to win the next six consecutive Tour De France races, making him the only participant to hold the honor of winning seven Tour De France titles in a row. Armstrong continued to race in other events until in 2012. In 2012 the truth about Armstrong’s doping started coming out to the public. Bio True Story states â€Å"In June 2012, the U.S Anti-Doping Agency brought formal charges against him, threatening to strip the famous cyclist of his Tour title,† which they ultimately did (Bi o. True Story, 2013). Lance Armstrong was a legendary athlete for over a decade. However, in the end he lost everything due to his decision to participate in unethical activities and use doping to win. After Armstrong’s struggle with cancer, and his recovery, Armstrong took two years to retrain in orderShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues For Livestrong 53171 Words   |  13 PagesBackground: In 1996, at the age of 25 Lance Armstrong was diagnosed with testicular cancer that spread to his brain, lungs and abdomen. He educated himself about the cancer and its treatment. While combating with cancer he recognized the resources available for people combatting this cancer were very less. Therefore, he created a foundation with the purpose of helping others who are diagnosed with cancer. It is a non-profit organization. In 1997, Lance Armstrong was officially formed and now knownRead MoreLance Armstrong Role Model In Sport1708 Words   |  7 Pagesman named Lance Armstrong. 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Medicare Decisions Healthcare System Issues for the Elderly

Question: Discuss about the Medicare Decisions for Healthcare System Issues for the Elderly. Answer: Introduction Medicare is widely known as a health insurance program for people 65 years and older. It is also for people under 65 with certain disabilities and covers any age with End-Stage Renal Disease (case of a kidney failure and kidney transplant). The CMS popularly known as The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services is the federal agency which administers the Medicare program and besides this Social Security Administration also provides information and handles enrollment of consumers (Diane, 1995) Medicare covers various services that help consumers to improve and maintain health and save life. It includes all kind of services extending from expensive to non- expensive procedures and treatments. Long term and large services like transplants, delicate surgeries, cancer treatments and many small services like routine checkups, which are not expensive at all (Barry 2015) On turning 65, one would need to choose a plan that fit all the requirements during getting into the insurance. The plan should fulfill all the healthcare needs and should match the particular benefits that one is looking for. Lets discuss the 4 plans of Medicare and decide which plan is most suitable for Zip code: 90001(Los Angeles), where all the plans seem to be available. Medicare Part A known widely as hospital insurance is the one which provides the care at hospital inpatient care, home health services, nursing facility and Hospice care. Hospital care (Inpatient) services include all the inpatient services that are needed and hospital expenses like meals, nursing care, semi-private room facilities, services and supplies from the hospital. The Inpatient care that is received through Critical access hospitals, mental health care, acute care hospitals, rehabilitation facilities (inpatient) and long term care hospitals is also included in Part A hospital services. Home health care services may include intermittent or part-time nursing care, Speech-language pathology services, therapies which are Physical and Occupational, Medical social services, Medical equipment which are durable and ordered by doctor. It also includes Part-time or intermittent home health aide services. SNF which is known as Skilled nursing facility, under Medicare Part A, is conside red only after a hospital inpatient stay for minimum three days for a related illness or injury. It involves skilled nursing services, medical supplies and equipment used during SNF care, rehabilitation services, semi-private room, dietary counseling, ambulance transportation and medications given while SNF care. Hospice care in Medicare includes care of terminally ill patient who is expected to live six months or less. It has Doctor Services, Nursing care, social worker services, counseling services and many more which focus on supportive care, comfort and quality of life, rather than cure during the final phase of a terminally ill patient. Medicare Part A does not include private-room costs, private nursing service and personal care items cost. It does not cover services that are unrelated to the treatment like meals, 24-hour home care and homemaker services. It also does not cover Personal care services, like help bathing and dressing are also not covered under Medicare Part A., if this is the only care that one need. Medicare Part B (Medical insurance) includes doctor, clinical lab services and supplies that are needed to treat health condition. Therefore, Part B mainly covers hospital outpatient services, preventive care, durable medical equipment, ambulance services, laboratory tests, some Medicare part B also covers one time physical exam, cancer , diabetes and cardiovascular screenings. It also includes mental health care, laboratory tests and x-rays. Part time or intermittent rehabilitative and home health services are also covered when they are ordered by a doctor (Centers for Medicare Medicaid services, 2012) Medicare Part C (Medicare Advantage) is a part of Medicare policy in which Medicare benefits are allowed to be provided by private health insurance companies. Part C Medicare is just a blend of both Medicare Part A and Part B, hence it includes hospital insurance and medical insurance. HMO (Health Maintenance Organization plan), PPO (Preferred Provider Organization plan), PFFS(Private Fee-for-Service plan), SNP(Special Needs Plans) are all branches of Medicare advantage plan. Best part of Medicare Advantage Plans is that it covers prescription of drugs as well (Medicare Part D). Medicare Part D: It is provided by Medicare approved Private insurance companies and is called as prescription drug coverage. It can be combined with Medicare advantage plan and to take the drug benefits through a plan known as Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug Plan. There is a list of covered drugs in every Medicare prescription drug plan. As per the situation where a plan needs to be selected for Medicare insurance, there are few things which should be kept in mind while making a decision. 1. How is the Coverage? It means how well the plan covers the service required. How will the Coverage work with Medicare if there is other health or prescription drug coverage included? 2. Costs, like how much will be the deductibles, costs and how much premiums will need to be paid and are there any limits yearly for the use of these medical services. 3. Hospital and Doctor Choice: Do they accept the coverage and does the plan demand to choose hospital and health care providers from the network only or if the referrals are required. 4. Is it required to join Drugs Prescription plan or is it already present as creditable prescription drug coverage. Sometimes there is also a eligibility for a free Medication Therapy Management (MTM) program. 5. How good is the quality of care and how satisfied the person is from the services offered by chosen plan and healthcare providers? 6. Convenience and Travel: Some general concerns like where is the doctors office located and what are their availability hours? Will they provide prescriptions through mail and do the doctors use electronic health records or E prescribe? Which pharmacies can be used and are they a part of plans network. What about the plan coverage if there is a travelling to other state and outside the U.S.? (Medicare.gov.) Medicare advantage Plan is one good plan to choose after all this discussion. On turning 65, one is eligible for Original Medicare i.e. for Hospital insurance and for Medical insurance which are part A and part B. But one may also choose Medicare Part C which is called as Medicare advantage as it includes some added coverage which seems quite exclusive and beneficial in case of long term treatments. The plan will be available from private insurance companies and benefits of Part A and Part B will be offered into it along with some added coverage such as eye exams, dental and hearing aids. Medicare Advantage plans have extra benefits and mostly they offer low premiums than traditional Medicare insurance. Hence, Medicare Part C, Out-of-Pocket Limits are considered as a safety net (eHealth 2014). Such limits under Medicare advantage plan are quite beneficial in which private health insurance plans put a limit on the amount of money which needs to be paid by your own pocket during any me dical service unlike original Medicare and they are named as Maximum out of pocket limit. In 2015, by the government, the maximum out of pocket limit was $6700. The insurance plan will pay 100% of additional covered charges in the remaining year when the plans maximum out of pocket limit is reached. Original Medicare Medicare advantage plans Costs Medicare premiums, deductibles, and coinsurances need to be paid. Medicare premiums and plans premium are paid if it charges one. The plan sets its own copays and deductibles. Any add-on or extra services Doesnt cover additional services like routine vision, hearing, dental care. Covers additional services that original services doesnt cover but covers the same inpatient and outpatient services like original care. Drugs Coverage (Decision about Part D) A separate Part D plan is required to get Medicare prescription drug coverage. The plans under Medical Advantage plan include Part D drug coverage. Out-of-pocket limit? Not provided Yes, there is an out of pocket limit which can protect from expensive care expenses. The full cost of care is paid by plan once the limit is reached. Transition has been done in traditional practices of Medicare program in past few years. Various private health plan alternatives have been introduced. Due to less enrollments and interest from consumer, the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 started to increase payments to add few more managed care plans which could increase beneficiary choices and hence it was renamed as Medicare Advantage program. These increase in payments resulted in proliferation of number of plans availability, less costs and improved benefits with lower premiums for Medicare advantage consumers (Gold M 2006) Ease of making these decisions: The decision making can be made easier if the basic requirements and expectations are clear in mind while choosing the appropriate plan which is good in terms of health and money. This is an overview of the decision making: Step 1: Decide what kind of coverage is required Step 2: Decide if drug coverage needs to be added The most important learning lesson in this whole discussion is that senior citizens should be confident and contended while making a decision for choosing the best Medicare Plan. Many may find it difficult to compare the plans due to the large amount of information they receive through different sources. In fact, according to many consumers information available at Medicare government website is lacking information and is quite confusing (Jacobson,G, Swoope,C, 2014). This is the reason that insurance agents, trusted advisors or suggestions from doctors, friends or pharmacists must help elderly consumers to narrow down the options and choose the best Medicare plan for them. References Berry, P, 2015, Medicare for dummies, John Wiley and Sons. Centers for Medicare Medicaid services, 2012, Enrolling in Medicare Part A Part B, Retrieved from https://www.medicare.gov/Pubs/pdf/11036-Enrolling-Medicare-Part-A-Part-B.pdf Diane, 1995, Guide to Health Insurance for People with Medicare, Diane Publishing. eHealth Medicare , Facts About Medicare, available at https://www.ehealthmedicare.com/about-medicare/medicare-part-b/ eHealth 2014, Medicare Advantage Maximum Out-of-Pocket Limits, available at https://resources.ehealthinsurance.com/medicare-options/medicare-advantage-maximum-pocket-limits GoldM, 2006, Kaiser Family Foundation, The growth of private plans in Medicare, Washington (DC): (Report No.7473). Jacobson,G, Swoope,C 2014, The Henry Kaiser family foundation, How are Seniors Choosing and Changing Health Insurance Plans Make Medicare work coalition 2011, Medicare and Employer based coverage-The Basics, available at https://www.medicarerights.org/PartB-Enrollment-Toolkit/Medicare-and-Employer-Based-Insurance-The-Basics.pdf Medicare.com, Im Turning 65, What Do I Need to Do? available at https://medicare.com/enrollment/im-turning-65-what-do-i-need-to-do/ Medicare.gov.(n.d.). 8 things to consider when choosing or changing your coverage, available at https://www.medicare.gov/sign-up-change-plans/decide-how-to-get-medicare/things-to-consider/8-things-to-consider.html Medicare Payment Advisory Commission 2010,Report to the Congress: Medicare payment policy, available at https://www.medpac.gov/documents/Mar10_EntireReport.pdf Medicare Rights Center 2016, Differences between Original Medicare and Medicare Advantage Plans, available at https://www.medicarerights.org/fliers/MedicareAdvantage/Differences-Between-OM-and-MA.pdf?nrd=1